The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, founded in 1930, was getting ready for war at the same time that the United States Armed Forces in the Far East was rushing its war preparations that year. It is enough to do my duty."Ī guerrilla resistance movement was already in its planning stage even before the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. "It is also true that women can be the most bloodthirsty and cruel of creatures. But more importantly, it documents the lives of women in the war: how they were regarded with suspicion and dislike how they were treated as second-class citizens and sexual objects but also how brave they were and dedicated to the cause. It also serves as a biography of Marking, whom she described as a great hero, a legend. It details the guerrillas' hunger and illnesses, the tortures and killings that befell them, as well as their triumphant battles. Panlilio's autobiography, The Crucible, originally published in 1951, is a riveting account of guerrilla life on the Sierra Madre mountains in WWII. "War was our marriage, and the guerrillas our sons," she wrote. She took care of the sick and wounded, and managed the camp while the fighters were in battle. She handled the paperwork such as reports, letters, and propaganda materials, and gave advice in decision-making. Agustin and ended up helping him lead his army of guerrillas. On the mountains of Rizal Province, she met Major Marcos "Marking" V. She fled the city to escape the Japanese after her loyalty to Carlos P. Valeria "Yay" Panlilio was a Filipina-Irish-American journalist and broadcaster who came to Manila before the war. The WAC was disbanded in 2013, after more than 50 years of service. In 1963, the organization was renamed the WAC (Women's Auxiliary Corps) and recognized as an official military branch of the Philippine Army. Some members served as spies, and at least 10 were known to be captured and killed for guerrilla activities.Ĭapistrano, who became a labor leader after the war, refused to be awarded a medal for her war efforts until the WAS became an official military unit of the republic. Likewise, WAS members learned methods of reconnaissance, the use of firearms, and self-defense. They also sewed, procured, and washed clothes for the officers and men as well as those confined in hospitals. They organized entertainment programs for their patients and encouraged the townspeople to observe health rules. Performing hospital and dispensary work, WAS members also administered first aid and treated the wounded. Its mission was to make sure that guerrilla fighters in Mindanao had food and shelter. Josefa Borromeo Capistrano and other women organized the Women's Auxiliary Service (WAS) in 1943. Even women who were not writers by profession, such as former comfort women or descendants of war veterans, felt the need to put their or their mother's or father's wartime experiences in writing. A number of literary pieces by women were memoirs or biographies.
In the national effort towards reconstruction, many Filipino writers, including women writers, were able to write about the war only after the war. Writings in Spanish and other languages that were in the National Library were also lost in the Battle for Manila in 1945. The Ilongga writer Magdalena Jalandoni lost thousands of pages of writing when the Archbishop's Residence in Jaro, where she brought her works for safekeeping, was destroyed. And the battles ruined many cultural artifacts, including women's writings. Like many things that were taken for granted before the war, reading and writing had become a luxury. Essentially, Philippine literature in English during the Japanese occupation had no readership base even among the already small, educated middle class. All publications came under the supervision of the Manila Shimbunsha, the propaganda arm of the military government. Others like Mercedes Garcia also wrote feature and opinion articles for the Spanish newspaper, LA VANGUARDIA. Montes, and Kerima Polotan were able to contribute essays or short stories in English to the PHILIPPINE REVIEW.
Alfon, Paz Latorena, Ligaya Victorio Reyes, Veronica L. Writers in English had to learn to write in Tagalog, although some of them, such as Estrella D. Tagalog was made the national language, and Tagalog classes were held. World War II created conditions for the emergence of new Tagalog writing.
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